How Can I Buy A Structured Settlement
A structured settlement factoring transaction describes the selling of future structured settlement payments (or, more accurately, rights to receive the future structured settlement payments).
People who receive structured settlement payments (for example, the payment of personal injury damages over time instead of in a lump sum at settlement) may decide at some point that they need more money in the short term than the periodic payment provides over time.
People's reasons are varied but can include unforeseen medical expenses for oneself or a dependent, the need for improved housing or transportation, education expenses and the like. To meet this need, the structured settlement recipient can sell (or, less commonly, encumber) all or part of their future periodic payments for a present lump sum.
Structured settlements experienced an explosion in use beginning in the 1980s.[1] The growth is most likely attributable to the favorable federal income tax treatment such settlements receive as a result of the 1982 amendment of the tax code to add § 130.[2] [3] Internal Revenue Code § 130 provides, inter alia, substantial tax incentives to insurance companies that establish “qualified” structured settlements.[4]
There are other advantages for the original tort defendant (or casualty insurer) in settling for payments over time, in that they benefit from the time value of money (most demonstrable in the fact that an annuity can be purchased to fund the payment of future periodic payments, and the cost of such annuity is far less than the sum total of all payments to be made over time).
Finally, the tort plaintiff also benefits in several ways from a structured settlement, notably in the ability to receive the periodic payments from an annuity that gains investment value over the life of the payments, and the settling plaintiff receives the total payments, including that “inside build-up” value, tax-free.[5]
However, a substantial downside to structured settlements comes from their inherent inflexibility.[6] To take advantage of the tax benefits allotted to defendants who choose to settle cases using structured settlements, the periodic payments must be set up to meet basic requirements [set forth in IRC 130(c)].
Among other things, the payments must be fixed and determinable, and cannot be accelerated, deferred, increased or decreased by the recipient.[7] For many structured settlement recipients, the periodic payment stream is their only asset. Therefore, over time and as recipients’ personal situations change in ways unpredicted at the settlement table, demand for liquidity options rises.
To offset the liquidity issue, most structured settlement recipients, as a part of their total settlement, will receive an immediate sum to be invested to meet the needs not best addressed through the use of a structured settlement. Beginning in the late 1980s, a few small financial institutions started to meet this demand and offer new flexibility for structured settlement payees.[8]
Pre-2002
Before the enactment of IRC 5891, which became effective on July 1, 2002, some states regulated the transfer of structured settlement payment rights, while others did not. Most states that regulated transfers at this time followed a general pattern, substantially similar to the present day process which is mandated in IRC 5891 (see below for more details of the post-2002 process).
However, the majority of the transfers processed from 1988 to 2002 were not court ordered.[9] After negotiating the terms of the transaction (including the payments to be sold and the price to be paid for those payments), a formal purchase contract was executed, effecting an assignment of the subject payments upon closing.
Part of this assignment process also included the grant of a security interest in the structured settlement payments, to secure performance of the seller’s obligations. Filing a public lien based on that security agreement created notice of this assignment and interest.
The insurance company issuing the structured settlement annuity checks was typically not given actual notice of the transfer, due to antagonism by the insurance industry against factoring and transfer companies. Many annuity issuers were concerned that factoring transactions, which were not contemplated when Congress enacted IRC 130, might upset the tax treatment of qualified assignments. HR 2884 (discussed below) resolved this question for annuity issuers.
Federal legislation
In 2001, Congress passed HR 2884, signed into law by the President in 2002 and effective July 1, 2002, codified at Internal Revenue Code § 5891.[10] Through a punitive excise tax penalty, this has created the de facto regulatory paradigm for the factoring industry.
In essence, to avoid the excise tax penalty, IRC 5891 requires that all structured settlement factoring transactions be approved by a state court, in accordance with a qualified state statute.
Qualified state statues must make certain baseline findings, including that the transfer is in the best interest of the seller, taking into account the welfare and support of any dependents. In response, many states enacted statutes regulating structured settlement transfers in accord with this mandate.
Post-2002
Today, all transfers are completed through a court order process. As of September 6, 2006, 46 states(see below) have transfer laws in place regulating the transfer process. Of these, 41 are based in whole or in part on the model state law enacted by NCOIL, the National Conference of Insurance Legislators (or, in cases when the state law predates the model act, they are substantially similar).
Most state transfer laws contain similar provisions, as follows: (1) pre-contract disclosures to be made to the seller concerning the essentials of the transaction; (2) notice to certain interested parties; (3) an admonition to seek professional advice concerning the proposed transfer; and (4) court approval of the transfer, including a finding that it is in the best interest of seller, taking into account the welfare and support of any dependents.
Best Interest Standard
Internal Revenue Code Sec. 5891 and most state laws require that a court find that a proposed settlement factoring transaction be in the best interest of the seller, taking into account the welfare and support of any dependents. [11] “Best interest” is generally not defined, which gives judges flexibility to make a subjective determination on a case-by-case basis.
Some state laws may require that the judge look at factors such as the “purpose of the intended use of the funds,” the payee’s mental and physical capacity, and the seller’s potential need for future medical treatment. [12] [13].
One Minnesota court described the “best interest standard” as a determination involving “a global consideration of the facts, circumstances, and means of support available to the payee and his or her dependents.” [14]
Courts have consistently found that the “best interest standard” is not limited to financial hardship cases. [15] Hence, a transfer may be in a seller’s best interest because it allows him to take advantage of an opportunity (i.e., buy a new home, start a business, attend college, etc.) or to avoid disaster (i.e., pay for a family member’s unexpected medical care, pay off mounting debt, etc.).
For example, a New Jersey court found that a transaction was in a seller’s best interest where the funds were used to “pay off bills…and to buy a home and get married.” [16]
Although sometimes criticized for being vague, the best interest standard’s lack of precise definition allows considerable latitude in judicial review. Courts can consider on a case-by-case basis the totality of the circumstances surrounding the transfer to determine whether it should be approved.
Discount Rate
In the beginning, the factoring industry had some relatively high discount rates due to heavy expenses caused by costly litigation battles and limited access to traditional investors. However, once state and federal legislation was enacted, the industry’s interest rates decreased dramatically. There is much confusion with the terminology “discount rate” because the term is used in different ways.
The discount rate referred to in a factoring transaction is similar to an interest rate associated with home loans, credit cards and car loans where the interest rate is applied to the payment stream itself. In a factoring transaction, the factoring company knows the payment stream they are going to purchase and applies an interest rate to the payment stream itself and solves for the funding amount, as though it was a loan.
Discount rates from factoring companies to consumers can range anywhere between under 8% up to over 18% but usually average somewhere in the middle (link to a discount rate calculator can be found here). Factoring discount rates can be a bit higher when compared to home loan interest rates, due to the fact the factoring transactions are more of a boutique product for investors opposed to the mainstream collateralized mortgage transactions.
One common mistake in calculating the discount rate is to use “elementary school math” where you take the funding/loan amount and divide it by the total price of all the payments being purchased. Because this method disregards the concept of time (and the time value of money), the resulting percentage is useless.
For example, the court in In Re Henderson Receivables Origination v. Campos noted an annual discount rate of 16.8% where the annuitant received $36,500 for the assignment of payments totaling $63,364.94 over 84 months (two monthly payments of $672.32 each, beginning September 30, 2006 and ending on October 31, 2006; eighty-two monthly payments of $692.49 each, increasing 3% every twelve months, beginning on November 30, 2006 and ending on August 31, 2013).
However, had the court in Henderson Receivables Origination applied the illogical formula of discounting from “elementary school math” ($36,500/ $63,364.94), the discount rate would have been an astronomical (and nonsensical) 61%. [17]
Discounted Present Value
Another term commonly used in factoring transactions is “discounted present value,” which is defined in the NCOIL model transfer act as “the present value of future payments determined by discounting such payments to the present using the most recently published Applicable Federal Rate for determining the present value of an annuity, as issued by the United States Internal Revenue Service.” [18] The IRS discount rate, also known as the Applicable Federal Rate (AFR), is used to determine the charitable deduction for many types of planned gifts, such as charitable remainder trusts and gift annuities.
The rate is the annual rate of return that the IRS assumes the gift assets will earn during the gift term. The IRS discount rate is published monthly (link to current rate may be found here). In Henderson Receivables Origination (above), the court calculated the discounted present value of the $63,364.94 to be transferred as $50,933.18 based on the applicable federal rate of 6.00%. [18] The “discounted present value” is a measuring stick for determining what the value of a future payment (i.e., a payment that is due in the year 2057) is today.
Hence, the discounted present value of a payment corrects for inflation and the principle that money available today is worth more than money not accessible for 50 years (or some future time). However, the discounted present value is not the same thing as market value (what someone is willing to pay). Basically, a calculation that discounts a future payment based on IRS rates is an artificial number since it has no bearing on the payment’s actual selling price.
For example, in Henderson Receivables Origination, it is somewhat confusing for the court to evaluate future payments totaling $63,364,94 based the discounted present value of $50,933.18 because that is not the market value of the payments. In other words, the annuitant couldn’t go out and get $50,933.18 for his future payments because no person or company would be willing to pay that much.
Some states will require a quotient to be listed on the disclosure that is sent to the customer prior to entering into a contract with a factoring company. The quotient is calculated by dividing the purchase price by the discounted present value. The quotient (like the discounted present value) provides no relevance in the pricing of a settlement factoring transaction. In Henderson Receivables Origination (above), the court did consider this quotient which was calculated as 71.70% ($36,500/ $50,933.18).
Why does a company want to buy my structured settlement?
Structured settlement companies that buy a structured settlement do so at a profit. The amount of lump sum received by an individual selling either a part or the complete settlement is not the same as the value of the structured settlements sold.
The money they earn is invested by these companies as per the best option available in their investment portfolios at that point in time. The profits are used to run the company, pay employees, and advertise.
A financially healthy structured settlement company is a safer option for an individual as there is less chance of the company going bankrupt. Also, the market standing of such a company would allow it to offer the best rates to their clients, use their own money to pay the clients without having to take loans from a bank or take the services of a middleman.
If they do take the services of a broker or a middleman, they will have to factor in the broker’s charges which are ultimately paid by the structured settlement owner.
Companies are attracted toward structured settlements because it guarantees a safe cash flow and the transaction is not taxable. There are always individuals in need of quick cash who would like to swap their structured settlements for some quick cash. The work involved in purchasing a structured settlement is not much, the main effort lies in marketing and obtaining court approval in compliance with the prevalent state and federal laws.
The fact that structured settlements are guaranteed means that structured settlement companies can obtain debt at low interest rates and finance other ventures with that debt. For example, if a structured settlement company pays a lump sum of $200, 000, a pre-tax rate of return of 10% for a 20-year period would get $23,492 every year.
Long Term payments from a structured settlement or annuity decrease in value over time. Contributing factors such as inflation eat away at the value of your money as time goes on. Your payments will remain the same while the cost of living continues to rise. The stock market may rise and fall but a loaf of bread or a gallon of milk will still cost more ten years form now.
Insurance companies generate enough interest off your annuity premiums or settlement money to more than pay for your small periodic payments. It's your money! Shouldn't you be able to use it? You can. Too many Americans receiving structured settlement payments don't realize how they can turn long term payments into a growing investment.
There are several options for investing your money, and they do not have to involve the risks of the stock market. Since the creation of structured settlements in the early 80's, thousands of people have sold their structured settlement payments for cash in one large lump sum.
Why do people sell their payments?
Some individuals sell payments to get the cash they need now for unforeseen circumstances like medical expenses, or to pay for things like a vacation home, home renovation or repair, or even college tuition. These are items that may not have been allocated for in the original structuring of the agreement.
A terrific way to grow your settlement, lottery or annuity money!
Growing the value of your money from investing is another reason for many to cash out their settlement, lottery, or annuity payments.
For example, although you may receive a "discounted amount" of the total settlement by selling your payments, you may increase the overall rate of return over time through compounded interest in secured holdings such as certificates of deposits otherwise known as CDs.
Smart and experienced investors will keep money in fixed income investments that obliterate the worries of the ups and downs of the stock market. Examples of these are rock solid certificates of deposit.
One thing to remain aware of, at all times, is your needs financially. Withdrawal from a certificated of deposit before maturity will eat up the dividends you are making on your settlement in penalty fees. You will also have to take into account the fact that rates could be lower for prolonged time periods.
Rates no matter what industry have cycles just like the stock market, however they are less volatile. These rate cycles can be effectively managed with some proper planning.
One of the most proven techniques for avoiding the impact of these ups and downs or long or short term cycles is to build a CD ladder. Building a CD ladder means you don't sacrifice your liquidity, and at the same time, you can take advantage of interest rates spread over several maturities.
You can make a CD ladder as short or as long you like. Picture an ordinary utility ladder. Each level is called a rung. You have a three rung ladder, or maybe a six rung ladder. Each rung can be used to represent a year. A five rung ladder will be five years long.
You can use a small or large lump sum from a structured settlement, lottery or annuity to invest in a CD ladder. Let's say you have 20K to invest, but you are worried that you may need some of that money in the few years. You could build a five year ladder with five rungs.
Using a five year ladder and 20K, here is how it would work. You invest 4K in each rung. You would invest 4K in a one year CD, the second rung would represent you investing 4K in a two year CD, the third rung also 4K in a three year CD, up until you have 4K in the fifth rung being a five year CD.
After a year the one-year CD occupying the first rung matures and each of the other CDs moves down a year. In other words, the five-year CD now matures in four years, and the four-year CD will only have three years left to mature.
The money from the previous one-year CD can now be withdrawn without penalty, or you can roll it over to the top rung as the next five-year rung on your ladder as it is now vacant. Every year you are able to withdraw or replace the rung that is for the longest term.
When you consistently replace the the rung farthest out, or the longest maturity, you are always reaping the benefit of getting the highest rates. The added bonus to the ladder system is you are only reinvesting a portion of your total investment from your settlement money even when rates are low. The ladder system alleviates the peaks and valleys and balances out with the previous years when you reinvest at a high rate of return.
When you are laddering your investments or CDs, remember to keep in mind your immediate, short term, and long term cash needs. Rolling over your CDs and their interest earned is a great way to watch your settlement money grow, however, it is important to make sure that you have money that is liquid when you need it. The interest you earn can easily be eaten up in penalties fro early withdrawal.
Your ladder can be as short or as long as you like. Although a five year ladder will allow you to take advantage of the best interest rates offered, if the rates are extremely low or in a low cycle, a shorter ladder will keep your settlement money from being stuck in long term CDs as rates begin to rise.